Arranging data into groups or classes based on common characteristics.
This is the most crucial step. You must clearly state what problem you are trying to solve or what question you are trying to answer. A well-defined problem prevents wasted time and resources later on. Step 2: Extensive Literature Survey
: Solving a specific problem vs. gathering knowledge for its own sake. c r kothari research methodology ppt
Reviewing existing journals, books, and conference proceedings to understand what is already known.
If you are a student, scholar, or professional embarking on a research project, chances are you have encountered the foundational textbook . It is a staple in universities worldwide, providing a rigorous, step-by-step framework for conducting both quantitative and qualitative studies. Arranging data into groups or classes based on
Deciding how to select a sample from the broader population (Probability vs. Non-probability sampling).
According to C.R. Kothari, research is a scientific and systematic search for pertinent information on a specific topic. It is an art of scientific investigation. What is Research Methodology? A well-defined problem prevents wasted time and resources
Data that has already been collected by someone else and passed through the statistical process (e.g., government publications, books, websites, historical records). Sampling Methods
Characterized by the gathering of knowledge for knowledge's sake. It is concerned with generalizations and the formulation of theories. Quantitative vs. Qualitative
Data collection forms the operational backbone of the project. Kothari neatly divides this into primary and secondary sources:
: He emphasizes that research must be systematic (rule-based), logical (rational conclusions), empirical (based on real-life evidence), and replicable (repeatable by others).